1.2 Semantic Relations

Once sensory faculties try recognized (and you may assuming they truly are known that have a fair level of confidence), the type of relationships one is obtainable between the two needs to be created. The best class away from semantic connections is provided on the culture from historic semantics, that’s, new words used to explain synchronic affairs between term significance is actually basically the same as the newest code regularly determine diachronic alter of definition. In the ideal instance, when the feel an excellent is synchronically connected with sense b of the metonymy, after that something away from metonymy have acted diachronically to extend sense a towards experience b: diachronic mechanisms of semasiological transform reappear synchronically since the semantic relationships one of term definitions.

The desktop and stored products, or even the mouse therefore the pointer, has a love regarding real-industry connectedness which is usually grabbed by thought of ‘contiguity

New four earliest sizes is specialization, generalization, metaphor, and you may metonymy (demonstrated here, out-of a beneficial diachronic direction, given that systems in lieu of synchronic relationships). Regarding semantic expertise, the brand new meaning is actually a limitation of your own old meaning: the latest meaning was an effective subcase of one’s old. Classical samples of specialty is actually corn (to begin with a pay-name for everyone categories of grains, today authoritative in order to ‘wheat’ for the England, in order to ‘oats’ inside Scotland, also to ‘maize’ in the usa), starve (swinging regarding ‘so you can die’ to help you ‘to help you die from hunger’), and queen (to begin with ‘wife, lady,’ now simply for ‘king’s wife, otherwise ladies sovereign’). Types of generalization is moon (generally the fresh planet’s satellite, but extended to your world’s satellite), and you can French arriver (which originally created ‘to reach the latest river’s coast, so you’re able to embank,’ however, which now stands for ‘to arrive an excellent destination’ generally speaking). There’s a lot off terminological version in connection with specialty and you will generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you may ‘narrowing’ out-of definition equal ‘specialty,’ when you’re ‘expansion,’ ‘schematization,’ and you can ‘broadening’ from meaning equal ‘generalization.’ And additionally, the new meanings inside can be stated in order to host affairs regarding taxonomical subordination or superordination: from inside the a taxonomy (a tree-including hierarchical group) regarding rules, the fresh specialized definition try under pertaining to the initial one to, whereas the fresh new generalized meaning are superordinate pertaining to the first.

Eg expertise and you can generalization, it’s simpler and mylol recenze you can traditional introducing metaphor and metonymy along with her, even though the dating isn’t as close just as in the new former few. (More about metaphor and you may metonymy observe for the point 1.6, “Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy.”) Metaphor will be said to be based on a love out of resemblance within dated and also the the brand new reading, and you may metonymy for the a romance from contiguity. Current desktop words yields samples of each other versions. The fresh pc of screen, for instance, is not necessarily the just like brand new desktop computer of place of work table-apart from in the two cases, it will be the place (an exact place in one single circumstances, an online one out of one other) for which you status an abundance of products that your daily have fun with or one urgently you prefer attention. The computer desktop, to phrase it differently, is not literally a desktop on the unique sense, it keeps an operating similarity with the unique: the computer training are a good metaphorical extension of your own fresh office furniture understanding. Functional parallels including underlie metaphorical expressions such save, clipboard, document, folder, reduce, and you can insert. Mouse, as well, is even metaphorically motivated, but right here, the metaphorical resemblance comes to figure as opposed to mode. However imagine a statement towards the effect that your particular desktop computer keeps your active for another two weeks, or you inquire out loud where the mouse moved whenever you’re seeking to find the new tip into screen. In such instances, desktop and you can mouse are utilized metonymically. On previous instance, it isn’t the newest virtual room as a result which is associated, although items that is kept here. About latter case, it’s not the brand new mouse as a result (the thing that you hold on the give) you make reference to, but the tip into screen that is work by the mouse. ‘ When, as an instance, that drinks a whole bottles, this isn’t the new package but merely their content that will be consumed: package are often used to consider a specific variety of container, together with (spatially contiguous) belongings in one to container. Whenever lexical semanticians believe that metonymical changes are based on contiguity, contiguity really should not be understood inside the a narrow experience because the referring so you’re able to spatial distance just, however, so much more generally once the a broad identity for several connections into the the fresh spatial, temporary, otherwise causal domain name.